The Latest Advances In Drug Manipulations Of The Immune System Essays

INTRODUCTION In order to provide a detailed analysis of recent pharmacological developments involving the human immune system, it is firstly necessary to introduce the innate and adaptive immune responses . Immunosuppressants and immunomodulators will be differentiated between and a selection of new and often experimental drugs belonging to each category will be provided. Specific drugs will be described including the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics involved with each type. The possible clinical uses will be alluded to along with details from recent research. INNATE IMMUNITY Innate immunity is the first line of defence and comprises physical (skin), biochemical (complement, lysozyme) and cellular (macrophages, neutrophils) mechanisms (Katzung, 1998). All these mechanisms are non-specific, anti-microbial agents which work in conjunction with adaptive immune responses to provide a more effective system (Downie et. al., 1995). ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY The adaptive immune system is split into two mechanisms: humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. A basic understanding of these concepts is necessary for the purpose of understanding the specific effects of different immunopharmacological agents. HUMORAL IMMUNITY Humoral or antibody-mediated immunity is associated with B-lymphocyte cells. Antigens are foreign molecules that initiate an immune response, they have inherent immunogenicity (Tortora & Grabowski, 1996). Upon contact with an antigen, B-cells divide to produce a clone of plasma cells capable of the production of antibodies. Antibodies are immunoglobulins, modified blood proteins with a specific action against antigens. Five main sub-types of immunoglobulins have been identified of which IgG is the most abundant in bodily fluids (Hopkins, 1995). Several cells are known to initiate the process of plasma cell differentiation and are known collectively as antigen presenting cells (APCs) (Waller & Renwick, 1994). Lymphokines The antigen on the surface of the APC triggers TH-cells to produce hormone-like lymphokines (Lessof, 1993). Lymphokines are cytokines, regulators of the immune reactions which are produced by lymphocytes. Examples of these chemicals include interleukins, interferon and tumour necrosis factors. Their action involves the regulation of the proliferation, differentiation and activity of leukocytes (Dale et. al., 1994). The na... ...nours/himmun.html">http://www.pharm.uwa.edu.au/aussie/honours/himmun.html Kahan, B. D. (1998) History of Immunosuppression AT <a href="http://surgery.uth.tmc.edu/organ_transplant/historyimmu.html">http://surgery.uth.tmc.edu/organ_transplant/historyimmu.html Nijkamp, F.P. & Parnham, M. J. (1999) Principles of Immunopharmacology AT <a href="http://www.springer_ny.com/catalog/np/mar99np/3-7643-5780-0.html">http://www.springer_ny.com/catalog/np/mar99np/3-7643-5780-0.html Schultze, J. & Johnson, P. (1999) A Stimulating New Target for Cancer Immunotherapy IN The Lancet vol. 354, Oct. 9, 1999, pp1225-1226 Stadtlander Drug Distribution Co. Inc. (1998) Investigational Immunosuppressants for Transplantation AT <a href="http://www.stadtlander.com/feature/immunosuppren.html">http://www.stadtlander.com/feature/immunosuppren.html Swope, V.B; Abel-Malek, Z; Kassem, L. M. & Nordlund, J.J. (1991) Interleukins 1 Alpha & 6 & Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha are Paracrine Inhibitors of Human Melanocyte Proliferation & Melanogenesis AT <a href="http://www.biosyna.com/patent.htm">http://www.biosyna.com/patent.htm

Emergency Evacuation and Assembly Area

Instructions: Read Modules 3 – 6 from CWTS01 Program Module that is posted on the top of the Weekly Outline page. After reading it, read the case analysis for module 3 up to 6 and then answer the following questions. For Module 3: 1. Research on the Institute‘s fire / earthquake evacuation procedure. What are the steps that the school must observe during such emergency cases? * Before Fire or Earthquake: -Assist in training of emergency personnel under their command. – Designate an assembly area (or areas) for the building.Occupants of the building should be directed to assemble in this area when required to evacuate the building in an emergency. This will facilitate checking that all occupants are safe and enable speedy return to the building when the â€Å"all clear† is given. -Ensure that on each floor, or in each area, a current list of Floor and Area Wardens (and telephone numbers) is displayed, together with an emergency floor plan. The emergency floo r plan should show all rooms, exits, assembly area to be used in case of fire or emergency, fire alarms, extinguishers, fire hose reels and special emergency equipment. In the case of Fire or Emergency (the assistance of a deputy may be required to undertake some of these tasks): -Respond immediately to an alarm, determine the nature of the emergency. -Initiate Emergency Evacuation Procedures for the building. -Direct the actions of Floor and Area Wardens within the building. – Check that all occupants have proceeded to the designated assembly area. -In consultation with the Fire Service and the Emergency -Coordinator, advise occupants when it is safe to return to the building. 2. Do you agree with the current evacuation procedures being implemented? Justify your answer.I agree. Evacuation from buildings may be necessary as the result of fire, explosion, chemical leak, structural fault, equipment failure or bomb threat. These guidelines must be prepared principally for fire e mergencies, but they are suitable for use in other emergencies like earthquakes. 3. What problems do you think the students may encounter while conducting the evacuation? Stampede, chaos, panic are problems I think students may encounter while conducting the evacuation. 4. What plan of action/s do you suggest to address the possible problems the students may encounter during an evacuation?To initiate or exercise fire and earthquake drills. For Module 4: 1. Based on the story presented on the case analysis, what is / are main character's concern/s? Being not able to attend formal schooling, Mang Deolito is a no read, no write person. 2. How is the case of the main character similar to the other out-of-school youths in the country? Because of poverty, a lot of parents can’t afford to send their children to school. 3. What are the probable causes of the prevalent cases of individuals unable to attend school? Poverty and lack of interest are the causes of the prevalent cases of i ndividuals unable to attend school. 4.How can the problem of illiteracy in the Philippines be properly addressed? Government should provide free education for those people who are less fortunate. Free books should be provided for them to use and read. 5. How can the K+12 of the PNOY government alleviate the education here in the Philippines? Justify your answer. One of the major pros that the program has to offer is that additional years of education will make Filipino students more mature, competent, well-rounded, and globally competitive. Our students will benefit a lot from this as long as the government will provide the best curriculum suited to every student.For Module 5: 1. What are the current concerns of the said Barangay on the case analysis in terms of their youth groups? Some of the vendors reported a group of teenagers were seen sniffing solvents and rugby, smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol in the area. Other vendors even claimed that they also use drugs and create a disturbance to the market stalls. These teenagers use the market place as their tambayan. They can be seen together almost from day to night. They also like to entice others to join them in their activities, some who refuse were seen with bruises.Moreover, the group likes to engage into fights with other groups they see as inferior. 2. What plans or undertakings do you suggest to respond to the concerns that the brgy. is facing in terms of recreation? First curfew should be implemented. For instance, at 10pm, no teenagers below 18 yrs. Should be seen roaming around outside their house. Kagawads should be visible at all times. In terms of recreation, aside from sportsfest, singing and dancing contest, beauty pageants and other recreations can be added to the program. For Module 6: 1. As a mapuan, how do you exercise the values being promoted by the Institute?DECIR (Discipline, Excellence, Commitment, Relevance, Integrity) I exercise these values by following school rules like fall ing in line when in the bookstore or canteen. Or just by simply attending my class on time. 2. Other than the DECIR, what other values do you think are being practised by the Mapuans? Patience and Honesty. 3. Suppose that the person on the case analysis is your friend. What pieces of advice can you give for him to appreciate the NSTP-CWTS Program of the Institute? Being a diligent person, I would advise him to internalize the importance of attending the NSTP-CWTS Program of the Institute.

Rhetorical Analysis Of Ronald Reagan s Farewell Address...

Farewells and Fair-Warnings A Rhetorical Analysis of Ronald Reagan’s Farewell Address Introduction to Analysis On January 11, 1989, President Ronald Reagan sat at his desk in the Oval Office to address his nation for the final time. This rhetorical moment was not the first of its kind. Rather, the Farewell Address is a Presidential tradition, started by George Washington, that every president takes part in before leaving office. As a sort of â€Å"goodbye† to the nation, the President discusses the accomplishments of his administration while offering pieces of advice for the future. Washington warned against a government with an â€Å"unmoderated† political party system (Spalding 75), Ronald Reagan warned of the effects of an America devoid of patriotism. While in office Ronald Reagan had a disapproval rating that soared to 54% in 1983 (How the Presidents Stack Up). However, in 2001, his retrospective disapproval rating was a mere 27% (Newport). Often the focus of criticism while in office, Ronald Reagan has become known within the ranks of historians as one of the most influential American Presidents, ranking 10th in the Annual C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leaders in 2009 (C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership). Lauded as the â€Å"Great Communicator,† much has been said of Reagan and his oratorical skills, including his simplicity, clarity, and sincerity of speech (Thompson). While his speech at the Bradenburg Gate, with its famous line, â€Å"Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall,† hasShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis: Rhetorical Analysis:1723 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Rhetorical Analysis: President Ronald Reagan s Farwell Address Rhetorical Analysis: Reagan s Farwell Address Ronald Reagan s Farewell Address was an amazing example of conveying the fundamentals for freedom through an emotional and visual lesson. It is no wonder that the president known as the great communicator was successful in painting for us a picture of who we were, past and present, and the improvements in the areas of strength, security